Wednesday, November 27, 2019

The Future of Biopsychology

Introduction Biopsychology is a field of psychology that deals with the study of behavior and experiences in reference to genetics, evolution, and bodily processes, particularly the functioning of the nervous system. The biopsychology employs the biological rules and regulations to understand the functioning of the human brain.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Future of Biopsychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is established that human behavior is influenced by the biological processes, which means that behavior is a biological process that emanates from the brain. Biopsychology is a field that has goes through numerous developments since it relates to other branches of psychology. The field is still undergoing development and many scholars have ventured into research to understand how the nervous system influences the quality of behavior. Human beings are able to invent and improve the proce sses in their surrounding through the process of evaluation (Siegel, Ehud, 1997). Through evaluation, human beings secure their survival implying that change is inevitable in human life. This shows that biology and psychology are so intricate since they cannot be separated from each other. Plato was of the view that the brain is the main organ in charge of reasoning in human beings. At this time, the brain was mainly studied through human dissection. The study proved that the human brain is closely related to the mind. Through the study of biology, it is established that some parts of the brain (ventricles) are responsible for sensing and memorizing. In the subsequent studies, scholars established that the mind was independent of body since the human body is made up of physical matter while the mind (soul) is non-physical and independent from the material world. Scholars found out that the brain and genes influence the thinking of individuals meaning that they influence human behav ior. Biopsychology helps in the understanding of behavior, which empowers people to define themselves (Pinel, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employing biology to comprehend human behavior helps in explaining the influence of the environment ton human behavior. This paper conducts a study to establish the current state of research on the field of biopsychology. It is known that the field has attracted attention from various psychologists. The paper gives a summary of the major findings in the field before explaining some of the ethical issues associated with research in the field. Summary of the Current Findings in This Area The current body of knowledge shows that the core endocrine characteristic of depression is the anomalous regulation of Cortisol and thyroid hormones, although some findings dispute this idea. Literature shows that patients with traumatic brain in jury (TBI) are also diagnosed with endocrinal malfunction owing to the damaged pituitary stalk (O’Donovan, Sholomenkoa, 1993). The existing findings suggest that hormonal dysfunction results to behavioral change because the brain is directly related to the mind. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is the major link of the mammalian neuroendocrine depression response system. In fact, this has been of interest to many scholars in this field, particularly when it comes to the understanding and evaluation of depression in patients. The study of the HPA axis reveals that it is made up of the endocrine hypothalamic components, such as anterior pituitary, adrenal glands, and affector organ. These are some of the organs that control an individual’s behavior. When an individual is exposed to depression or stress, the neurons that are found in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus discharge some hormones referred to as the corticotropin-releasing hormone (Heim, Griesbec k, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Future of Biopsychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The hormones are secreted from the nerve terminals in the median eminence and they travel all the way to the hypothalamo-hypophyscal portal circulation. This would in turn encourage the creation and discharge of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. The above finding proves that stressors stimulate the HPA axis because people with stress and depression are known to suffer from brain malfunction. However, the findings from the studies conducted on veterans of war are very different because Cortisol concentrations are low in these people (Gero, Dino, 1998). The concentrations are low as evidenced in urine and blood meaning that the concentrations would be low as compared to other members of the public. It is surprising to note that the studies proving that cortisol concentrations are low in veterans are not consistent. Biopsychology scholars note that the differences among the traumatizing events or the events that cause depression might the reason why the studies are not consistent. The severity of the depressing or traumatizing event may change the way an individual responds to it. The studies conducted on war veterans, refugees, Holocaust survivors, and abused persons are not consistent because the conditions that an individual is taken through are not similar. Some of the differences the biological differences that bring differences in the way an individual responds to the depressing or traumatizing event include time, pattern of the signs, comorbid state, an individual’s eccentricity, and the genetic composition. Current studies show that hypocortisolism in depressed people takes place because of the increased negative sensitive reaction to the HPA axis (Heimendahl, Itskov, Arabzadeh, 2007). Increased negative reaction could also be as a result of increased glucoco rticoid receptor binding.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further studies show that low Cortisol levels during exposure to depressing event may determine the level at which the patient could develop depression. Based on the current findings, the nervous system is solely responsible for human behavior. The nervous system stimulates a hormone that in turn influences human experiences and actions. The electrochemical events that usually take place in the nervous system would influence people’s thinking, feelings, and even what they do. The neurons determine are therefore the main biological organs that determine people’s view points. The growth of the brain is determined by the genes meaning that an individual inherits them. In this regard, human behavior is influenced by genetic factors, which are inheritable (Abel, Lattal, 2001). This explains why an individual is likely to behave like his or her parents. The genes, just like other biological organs and processes, are believed to evolve. In this case, human behavior and other emotional features could be explained in terms of evolution meaning that they also go through a certain process that would cause changes over time. Therefore, human behavior is static, but instead it is dynamic since genes have the ability to evolve. The findings reveal that almost all biopsychology scholars explain behavior with reference to the brain meaning that the functioning of the brain is relied upon to explain the actions of an individual. An individual would behave in a way that befits him or her if he or she is only in a state of consciousness. The wellness of the brain is therefore very important in the understanding of the behavior of an individual. An individual with defective brain would most likely behave in a way that is unexpected. The nervous system should be functioning for an individual to behave well. The findings reveal further that each part of the brain has a role to play as far as human behavior is concerned. Each type of behavior is tickled by a certain s ection of the brain. If an individual behaves abnormally, a certain part of the brain is usually evaluated carefully to establish what could be the problem. The brain is one organ with interconnected sections, which means that each part should be functioning well for an individual to behave well. One of the findings established that the development of language is influenced two sections of the cerebral cortex. One of the sections is the broca’s section, which determines the development of speech. If the part is disturbed, there is a high likely that an individual’s speech would be interfered with. The part controls the brain as regards to what should be said. If the part is dysfunctional, the patient will seem to say anything without measuring or considering the meaning of the said word. This would amount to insult, even though the patient might not be aware of the effects of the words. Many people might be normal yet this section of their brain is damaged. Such indivi duals would definitely behave negatively, even though they might be blamed for lacking morals. The second part of the brain that influences behavior is the Wernicke’s section, a section that determines the understanding of human speech (Chow, 2010). The section determines whether an individual would comprehend the phrases expressed by other people. This is part is very important because an individual responds to speech the way he or she understands it. If an individual understands something different, he or she is likely to give a wrong answer. This happens quite often in society, but people do not understand that it is a disorder brought about by the defective nervous system. The centers of speech in the human brain are linked to other parts of the brain a significant way. In particular, the speech centers are closely related to the centers in charge of thinking and hearing. The centers in charge of processing words are relied upon to offer an accurate analysis to the said w ords. Moreover, the part in charge of hearing is also critical because words cannot be interpreted without a well functioning auditory memory. Biopsychology has also talked about the influences of genetics on human behavior. Specifically, genetics influences certain types of behavior only because not all behaviors are genetically related. For instance, some disorders, such as schizophrenia, can be explained genetically. This implies that an individual could perhaps inherit a defective gene that would influence his or her behavior in mature commitments. Symptoms such as hallucinations, defective speech, disorganized thinking, and delusions are some of the inherited symptoms. The genes are closely related to the brain since genes influence the development of the nervous system, which predisposes it to malfunctioning in certain major areas, leading to the above-mentioned symptoms. As earlier noted, the chemical processes taking place in the brain are major determinants of human behavio r. The brain relies on neurotransmitters, as well as hormones in relaying information between neurons. Therefore, the production of hormones that stimulate these processes is an important thing to consider. When hormones are produced in large quantities, there is a high likelihood that the processes would be in excess, or they might even fail to take place, which causes problems in the brain. This would go a long way to destabilize the brain processes, which leads to difficulties in reasoning, feeling, and defective behavior. Some researchers have conducted a study to authenticate this claim by altering the hormones in charge of sex. When an individual has excess testosterone, he or she is likely to be a risk taker meaning that he or she does not care about life. This would mean that an individual may simply have sex with anyone that comes around since he or she does not care. On the contrary, too much production of oxytocin would result to increased fostering and social receptivene ss (Zhang, 2007). In this case, an individual would be too much caring and would be faithful to his or her partner. Moreover, an individual would tend to be responsive in a family setup. A Report on Current Research Modern researchers have developed various interests in the field of biopsychology. One of the interests has been on the method through which biopsychology could be understood. In modern field, researchers prefer the application of quantitative methods because they are considered objective and could be controlled to produce results that could be tested empirically. Recent studies employ twin, family history, and adoption studies to understand the influences of genetics on the human brain and behavior. The studies employ comparative analysis whereby the behavior of one individual is closely compared to those of other people in a guided study (Gradinaru, Deisseroth, 2008). The main aim of comparing is to establish the similarity between the trait and those of other people. Recently, studies have been conducted to establish the genetic relationship of schizophrenia patients with their relatives. The studies have utilized comparative methods to explain this trend. A recent study on patients with schizophrenia revealed that a relative is in a high risk of contracting the disorder if he or she is so close to the affected individual. The study proves that genes have a role to play as regards to the contraction of the disorder because close family members would probably suffer from the disorder, especially when they are close emotionally. Current studies have also shown that a number of techniques are available in the field of biopsychology, which could be used in the study of the configuration and the performance of the brain. These techniques include the utilization of PET and MRI technologies. These technologies are recent technologies that could help those interested in performing tests regarding the relationship between the brain and human behavior. B efore the invention of the technologies, scholars utilized other techniques, such as the manipulation of the brain surgically, which was not accurate. The previous techniques were mostly applied in animals because it involved killing the animal before conducting a test. This was mostly impossible with human beings, unlike the current technologies, which can be applied on patients undergoing surgery. Patients in needs of surgery owing to brain tumors can be used as specimens in conducting the study. In 1950, there was a breakthrough in the field of biopsychology after Wilder Penfield conducted a study on the brain. The researcher stimulated a number of sections of the cerebral cortex. His study revealed that under some state of affairs, patients would begin experiencing unexpected experiences or dramatic memoirs of the past proceedings. This proved that the brain can actually store memories (Thayer, 1989). Current researchers have always capitalized on 1950 findings to establish mode rn methods that would help in the understanding of the brain, given the fact that it plays a critical role in the understanding of human behavior. The modern methods are more reliable as compared with the previous techniques. Recent studies show that moods and feelings are products of the brain, unlike previous studies, which did not show this. Recent studies show that moods are responsible for the development of other behaviors, which cannot be explained through social and cultural models. Biological models are best suited to explain the moods and feelings of various people. Moods are so powerful to an extent of altering the behavior of an individual. Moods control the life of an individual rather than events. Ethical Issues A heated debate has emerged over the validity of biopsychology because of its tests and experiments. The study uses mostly animals in conducting tests meaning that it poses a threat to the survival of animals. Tests are usually conducted in manner that would th reaten the survival of animals since measures are not usually put in place to ensure that animals survive after surgery. Animals are taken through unnecessary pain yet they are not assured of survival after the operation. Biopsychology uses animal models to understand the functioning of the brain yet each species in the world has its unique characteristic based on the environment and niche. It is almost impossible to draw valid conclusions on studies using animals as samples. Animal activists have raised various ethical issues as regards to the use of animals in conducting the tests. Their claims are valid since the findings from animals cannot be equivalent to the findings conducted using human beings, particularly in regard to human behavior. Human behavior is so developed because of cultural and social settings meaning that people behave in accordance to the provisions of culture and society. The findings from animals can explain little as far as the understanding of human behavi or is concerned. The issue of gender is another ethical issue since studies conducted in this field reveal that women are mostly affected, with results showing that their brains are not fully developed. This explains why women would always behave differently from men. The studies show that women are emotionally dependent on men since their brains are not fully developed. This issue has raised controversies because the findings subordinate women to men. The findings show that men are always above women in everything because their brains are more developed. However, this is not always true since some women behave maturely as compared to men. Biopsychology supports other studies that have always subordinated women in society. The findings are unethical because women are just as brave as women. Their brains are developed as those of men. People are likely to acquire some of the undesirable features from their mothers because women have underdeveloped brains that influence their brains d ifferently. The studies show that women are very talkative, even though their speeches lack critical analysis of issues. Women would not take this idea lightly since it affects their socialization in society (Zhang, Deisseroth, 2010). Regarding diversity, the findings of biopsychology are biased because they explain that people would inherit weak traits from their parents based on ethnicity. The blacks are the most affected because they are usually associated with all forms of social crimes, such as prostitution, robbery, carjacking, and drug trafficking. Children would most probably inherit these features, which would affect their interactions and relationships in society. Some scholars believe that the findings of biopsychology are skewed and could easily lead to stereotyping. This is mainly because biopsychology provides that an individual inherits behavior from his or her parent. This is unethical behavior people differ in the way they behave. For instance, the father might be a bishop or a church leader yet the son might be a robber or a drug addict. It is therefore unethical to believe that behavior is passed from one individual to the other through inheritance. Human behavior is acquired through the process of socialization meaning that the environment in which an individual is raised influences his behavior (Gradinaru, Deisseroth, 2008). Summary Biopsychology is a field of psychology that explains behavior based on the biological factors. The field is successful in explaining how the brain is related to behavior. It explains that brain defects hampers decision making in an individual’s life, which automatically affects the performance of an individual in society. Biopsychology has come a long way since 1950 when it was first established that the brain could memorize past events. Since then, scholars have engaged in extensive research to establish the relationship of the nervous system with behavior. A number of technologies have been developed , which are critical to the explanation of the functioning of the brain. However, further studies should be conducted to establish the connectedness of behavior with biology. As scholars try to come up with new findings, they should consider ethics since some findings might be destructive. References Abel, T., Lattal, K. (2001). Molecular mechanisms of memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 3(1), 154-174. Chow, B. (2010). High-performance genetically targetable optical neural silencing by light-driven proton pumps. Nature, 463(7), 67-89. Gero, M., Dino, A. (1998). Visualizing secretion and synaptic transmission with pH-sensitive green fluorescent proteins. Nature 394(9), 192-195. Gradinaru, T., Deisseroth, D. (2008). eNpHR: a Natronomonas halorhodopsin enhanced for optogenetic applications. Brain cell Biology, 36(4), 12-27. Heim, N., Griesbeck, O. (2004). Genetically Encoded Indicators of Cellular Calcium Dynamics Based on Troponin C an d Green Fluorescent Protein. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279 (1), 1480-1486. Heimendahl, M., Itskov, P., Arabzadeh, E. (2007). Neuronal activity in rat barrel cortex underlying texture discrimination. PLoS Biol, 5(11), 305-315. O’Donovan, H., Sholomenkoa, Y. (1993). Real-time imaging of neurons retrograde and anterogradely labeled with calcium-sensitive dyes. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 46(2), 91-106. Pinel, J. (2011). Biopsychology (8th ed.). New York: Pearson. Siegel, M., Ehud, Y. (1997). A Genetically Encoded Optical Probe of Membrane Voltage. Neuron, 19(1), 735–741. Thayer, R. E. (1989). The biopsychology of mood and arousal. New York: Oxford University Press. Zhang, W, Deisseroth, D. (2010). Channelrhodopsin-2 and optical control of excitable cells. Nature Methods, 3(10), 78-90. Zhang, W. (2007). Multimodal fast optical interrogation of neural circuitry. Nature, 446(5), 35-51. This research paper on The Future of Biopsychology was written and submitted by user Kristen Knight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Employability Essays

Employability Essays Employability Essay Employability Essay INTRODUCTION: Employability is a persons capability of gaining and maintaining employment. (Hillage and Pollard, 1998). Why people are not getting the desired employment what they deserve or what they expect from their degree. This is the major problem or question faced by the young graduates. On the one hand a persons employability depends on the knowledge, skills and attitudes of this person. On the other hand labour market rules and institutions have significant impact on the ability of an individual to gain employment. Hence, a person with the same knowledge and skills characteristics might fare very differently in different national or regional labour markets. This is enabled by everyone coming out of the public employment and skills system being able to work in a team, communicate clearly, listen well, be interested and keen to learn, take criticism, solve problems, read, write and add. These employability skills are the lubricant of our increasingly complex and interconnected workplace. They are not a substitute for specific knowledge and technical skills: but they make the difference between being good at a subject and being good at doing a job. Employability challenge executive summary, UK) While there is no singular definition of employability, a review of the literature suggests that employability is about work and the ability to be employed, such as: the ability to gain initial employment; hence the interest in ensuring that ‘key skills’, careers advice and an understanding ab out the world of work are embedded in the education system the ability to maintain employment and make ‘transitions’ between jobs and roles within the same organization to meet new job requirements, and The ability to obtain new employment if required, i. . to be independent in the labour market by being willing and able to manage their own employment transitions between and within organizations. It is also, ideally, about: The quality of such work or employment. People may be able to obtain work but it may be below their level of skill, or in low paid, undesirable or unsustainable jobs, and so forth. The capacity and capability of gaining and maintaining productive work over the period of ones working life(Muhammad Nawaz Qaisar, MS HRD, NUML, Islamabad, Pakistan) There are about 200 MBA colleges in Karnataka affiliated to many universities. Bangalore University itself has around 5,000 MBA students, and offering various specialization and opportunity for the students to do MBA. The importance of higher education in relation to the progress of the individual and the nation cannot be overstated. In today’s world, the intellectual capital of a nation is its biggest strength in driving socio-economic growth. For an individual, higher education is not only a means of intellectual pursuit, but also a catalyst to become self-dependent financially to lead a respectable life. We as a Nation have been the beneficiaries of the new knowledge based world economy and so has been the consistently growing Indian middle class. To continue on this growth path and allow its advantages to trickle down to the masses, we need to continue to audit the quality of our higher education system, identify gaps and implement constructive interventions for a better tomorrow. (National Employability Report aspiring minds, 2009) The level of educational attainment of the working population provides a crude measure of the knowledge and skills available in each country. It presents the educational characteristics of the supply side of the labour market. In this context, the share of the population with high educational attainment was selected as the core indicator for measuring progress in the field of employability. If the employability rates decreases or low the training and development cost for the organizations become high and reduces the possibility of making good profit margin. There for it is very important to study the employability of the students, its causes and consequences on the job market and on the organization. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Why people are not getting the employment what they deserve or what they expect from their degree. This is the major problem or question faced by the young graduates. This study is trying highlight the problem associated with the employment of new graduates. Causes for the poor performance of the students and the remedies for this problem. This is enabled by everyone coming out of the public employment and skills system being able to work in a team, communicate clearly, listen well, be interested and keen to learn, take criticism, solve problems, read, write and add. These employability skills are the lubricant of our increasingly complex and interconnected workplace. They are not a substitute for specific knowledge and technical skills: but they make the difference between being good at a subject and being good at doing a job. The problem here is to understand and find solution or techniques to the major question as how effectively employability can affect the organization and its causes and consequences. Hence it is important to find out the employability of the MBA students. And why some students perform well and some are not. This research focus on finding out the employability rate and its causes and consequences on job market to the MBA students. This help in students to upgrade their abilities to become more employable and for the companies to form their recruitment, selection and training policy and also regarding the preparation of compensation plan for the graduates, and how companies can improve their quality of work force. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: Primary objective: i. To study the employability of the MBA students, studying in Bangalore, from both VTU and BU. Secondary objectives: i. To find out causes and remedies of the employability rate. ii. Formulating strategies for students to become more employable. iii. Suggesting the strategy for companies and colleges to adopt strategy which can help to select the best candidates and make them employable. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: This study will cover what is the employability rate of MBA students. Training and development needs of the graduates. The research will be conducted by selecting the students and working professionals. REVIEW OF LITARATURE: Kanika Datta in New Delhi Source: [pic] September 06, 2007 Business schools have become so much the in-thing these days that most employers in India now consider it a minimum qualification for white-collar jobs, fulfilling the same function that the basic graduation degree did in the decades before economic liberalization. The huge demand for B-school graduates is amply reflected in the burgeoning numbers of institutes for business learning. Today there are 1,400 B-schools accredited by the All India Council for Technical Education and countless more   of questionable credentials or otherwise   that function without AICTE certification. In fact, the country produces almost seven times the number of B-school graduates as the UK. India is something of a unique market in which an MBA degree is considered a career-starter. In the developed world, in contrast, it is considered a mid-career enhancer. It is an option that a chosen few consider after learning their basic skills in the real world of business. Yet, heres the thing: ask any employer in India and s/he will tell you that the bulk of B-school graduates have a low employability value. Though rarely articulated, it is commonly acknowledged that outside of the 2,000-odd students from the premium B-schools like the Indian Institutes of Management who clearly skew the market, most Tier-II B-schools face a quality problem. According to a 2006 survey by RocSearch on the knowledge services market, only half of the 84,000 graduates from AICTE-approved Tier II business schools can be classified as fit to work in quality-conscious and competitive international companies. The fact that there is an acknowledged quality gap speaks volumes for the inadequacy of the AICTE approval process, which continues to focus on metrics such as a minimum number of computers and so on as qualifying criteria rather than robust qualitative standards. But it also says much for the nature of the education system. It is widely acknowledged that a B-school education is not an automatic guarantor of outstanding performance. So why the persistent demand for an MBA degree as a minimum job qualification? One answer is that this is the corporate sectors way of trying to correct for flaws in the university system. Shackled by state budgets, Indias notoriously under-funded universities   with notable exceptions   restrict their role to functional teaching shops rather than institutes of creative thought and research. On the other hand, an MBA curriculum by its very nature demands the kind of innovative thinking that crowded and stultifying university curricula rarely encourage   and there is a lot to be said for the now much-criticized case study approach in B-schools. Thus in India, we end up with the classic paradox of turning a specialist degree into a generalist requirement. To be sure, this basic flaw is something that those in the education business have begun to understand. That explains the rush for local tie-ups with global universities that leverage technology to provide access to world-class education through distance learning. Investing in quality education is also an opportunity for the corporate world to make a truly meaningful contribution in the corporate social responsibility space. As American businessmen understood long ago, business stands to gain the most by investing in education. As an aside, it is worth noting that RocSearch has estimated that out of the 3 million people added to the workforce every year across the major disciplines   MBAs, engineering, medicine, computer techies, lawyers, chartered accountants, college students and PhDs   about 500,000 can be considered employable in an international corporate workplace. From the employers point of view, this suggests a major leap in the premium that companies will have to pay to employees who meet the minimum employability criterion. From the employees perspective, the gravy train just got longer. tips for MBA students to make themselves more employable by Pritika Ghura Nowadays just doing a Master’s of Business Administration (MBA) is not enough to get your dream job. Since the corporate world is very competitive, demanding and dynamic, there are other skills that you should be proficient enough to secure your dream job with your dream salary. In an attempt to help you reach your career goals, we are offering you 7 tips to make yourself more employable-: 1) Enhance your soft skills: You must enhance your communication skills, presentation skills and soft skills. For those who’re not confident about their soft skills, joining a finishing school to develop your personality, body language, inter-personal and social interaction skills will be beneficial. 2) Be a team player: It is very important that you can work in a team, coordinate with your colleagues, communicate with them effectively and make proper adjustments. 3) Develop leadership skills: Since you will be hired at a managerial position after completing your MBA, it is very important that you’re able to manage a group of people. For that you need to develop leadership skills. ) Knowledge building: You should be updated with latest trends in your field. It is important to keep on doing courses to update your knowledge. Participate in all kinds of group activities like group case studies, simulations, industry interaction programs and inter- college level academic and extra-curricular competitions to keep yourself updated. 5) Develop corporate awareness: An employer is not o nly looking for a MBA degree but also the application orientation of the student. Students in B-school study the concepts of management in their classes but hardly understand how this knowledge can be applied in real business scenario. Thus there is a gap between theory and knowledge. To be able to bag the coveted job you must understand what business is all about and how you can contribute to the growth of any organization. 6) Strong Network: To be a successful professional, you must be well connected and have a strong networking with people in your field. Having a good network and being active on social networking sites will be useful for you. 7) Carefully selecting internships and placements: You must select a good/ reputed company in your field for internship as it is the only opportunity where you can exhibit your skills by translating them in performance. At the same time, you learn about a particular industry, how it functions and its operations in detail. Ensure that you select an internship in the same profile or industry you intend to work in future. Only 23% MBAs employable: Study Published: Wednesday, Oct 20, 2010, 0:42 IST By Puja Pednekar | Agency: DNA MUMBAI: A MeritTrac study across 60 tier II and tier III B-schools found that only 23% of students are employable. The study highlighted acute shortage of MBAs demand of 1. 28-lakh students as against availability of 20,000 from 132 colleges. In the study, available exclusively to ET, Kolkata led in verbal ability with passthrough rate of 83%, followed by Bangalore at 70. 6%. On quantitative side, Mumbai tops the chart with 99%, Bangalore chasing at 97. 9%. Overall, the passthrough rate in this category is high at 95%. Mental abilities test has seen all the six cities faring neck and neck with an overall rate of 85. 7% while Kolkata again stealing the show with 95. 7%. Overall picture on the abilities side reveals Kolkata being the king, followed by Mumbai. The study highlights that about 50% of students who took the test succeeded in it. Kolkata students have done well with 76. 6%. Mumbai is way below the average at 40%. MeritTrac conducted the employability study among 790 MBA students in Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, Delhi, Bangalore and Hyderabad . Madan Padaki, cofounder and director of MeritTrac, said: â€Å"During a placement process, colleges should encourage corporates to give performance feedback to students. † The firm conducted a group interaction test to assess articulation, grammar, assertiveness and confidence. Hyderabad emerges as the dark horse topping the charts on the articulation front with 3. 03 on the scale of 0-4 with Mumbai giving it a close run at 3. 2. Kolkata performs satisfactorily at 2. 98. On the grammar side, Kolkata bounces back with 2. 84 and is followed by Mumbai with a close 2. 81. Chennai puts up a dismal performance with a score of 2. 14. On the assertiveness and confidence index, Mumbai again rules and is being chased by Kolkata. Study highlights acute shortage of MBAs in the coun try Kolkata led in verbal ability with pass-through rate of 83%, followed by Bangalore at 70. 6% On quantitative side, Mumbai tops the chart with 99%, Bangalore chasing at 97. 9% Mental abilities test has seen all the six cities faring neck and neck with an overall rate of 85. % while Kolkata again stealing the show Source: Economic Times RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Deal with the analysis and performance of individual responses that are to be surveyed, about their quantitative, verbal, English, general awareness, business ethics, confidence, communication skills, basic managerial skills, domain knowledge, work experience. Based on the analysis, interpretation will be made and tabulated and represented graphically. Structured survey method, questionnaire method, Test as well as secondary data collection via internet, Newspaper, Journals will be used to conduct the research required for the study. DATA SOURCES: For the study both primary and secondary data are collected, from 100 students from different colleges and universities. Primary source: will be done through questionnaire and conducting tests. Secondary source: will be done through review of literature collected from various Journals, magazines, newspapers and internet. PLAN OF ANALYSIS: ? In this research survey, respondents’ performance and reliable information has to be collected from 100 respondents and results will be estimated from the tests and responses obtained and information drawn. Next step is to cause and consequences of the employability. ? The parameters use to analyze are: such as: the ability to gain initial employment; hence the interest in ensuring that ‘key skills’, careers advice and an understanding about the world of work are embedded in the education system the ability to maintain employment and make ‘transitions’ between jobs and roles within the same organi zation to meet new job requirements, and The ability to obtain new employment if required, i. e. o be independent in the labour market by being willing and able to manage their own employment transitions between and within organizations. It is also, ideally, about: The quality of such work or employment. People may be able to obtain work but it may be below their level of skill, or in low paid, undesirable or unsustainable jobs, and so forth. The capacity and capability of gaining and maintaining productive work over the period of ones working life. Quantitative, verbal, English, general awareness, business ethics, confidence, communication skills, basic managerial skills, domain knowledge, work experience. Parameter tests such as chi-square test or correlation and regression analysis can be used to draw the inference. HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION: In order to obtain focus for the research study and capture the essence of research, the hypothesis has been developed. Null – H? : All the respondents are readily employable. Alternate Hypothesis – H1: All the respondents are not readily employable. Null- Ho1: Formulated strategies are use full for students. Alternative hypothesis – H11: formulated strategies are not use full. Null- Ho2: Companies need not have to provide training programs. Alternative hypothesis – H12: Companies need to offer them a training programs. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The study is subjected to the following limitations: ? Time factor can be considered as a main limitation. ? Finding of the study are solely based on the information provided by the 100 respondents. ? The information providers may have different characters which are other the tested parameters which may be a limitation. ? Level of employment may be a main limitation of the study. Data collected is only from VTU and BU affiliated MBA colleges. CHAPTER CHEME: Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction about the topic. Chapter 2: Review of literature The literature journals, books, reports etc studied about this topic before conducting the research. Chapter 3: Research design Title of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, collection of data, sample design, hypothesis, plan of analysis, limitatio ns of the study Chapter 4: Profile of the organizations The colleges and university from which the sample is selected and data is collected. Chapter 5: Analysis of data and Interpretation Analysis of collected data using various methods and drawing the conclusion, and testing the Hypothesis. Chapter 6: Findings, suggestions, conclusion This chapter is regarding findings of the study, suggestions to the problem defined and conclusion. BIBLIOGRAPHY Journals and news papers â€Å"The yashpal Committee to Advise on Renovation and Rejuvenation of Higher Education† june 2009. National Employability Report [pic] 2007, page number 4. Kanika Datta, [pic] September 06, 2007 Puja pednekar, Only 23% MBAs employable, Wednesday, octo 20, 2010, Agency DNA Economic Times Websites http://articles. economictimes. indiatimes. com/2007-02-02/news/28385635_1_kolkata-mumbai-tops-merittrac http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Employability http://business. rediff. com/slide-show/2010/mar/23/slide-show-1-india-to-face-huge-skills-gap-due-to-low-employabi lity. htm financialexpress. com/news/employability-gaps-puncture-indias-talent-pool-claim/43054/

Thursday, November 21, 2019

How is nursing different from medicine Research Paper

How is nursing different from medicine - Research Paper Example Karen et al (2009) observes that medicine and nursing differ mainly in terms of the assistance that they present to an individual. In regard to their origin it is stipulated that they are different based on their inception. This essay is a critical analysis of the differences between nursing and medicine. It is important to the profession of nursing in order to help nurses to understand what their role is, and what is expected of them by the society. It will also assist nurses in understanding the disconnection between them and medical doctors. The developmental theory in nursing draws around the growth and advancement of individuals, which is a systematic and conventional progression that begins as a simple combination of cells that is the beginning of life, and eventually ends through decease. From the developmental theory, the main factor that serves as an indicator of the disparity between nursing and medicine is that nursing tends to concentrate on issues that have an impact on growth and development. Some of these factors are inherent while others originate from the environment in which a person grows. The manner in which an individual associates with the other members of the society determines the rate of growth and development in a person (Pierce et al 2006). In regard to issues that affect normal body functions such as visual impairment, a physician may not offer much assistance especially when the problem is not curable. The nurse tends to come in handy in assisting an individual to learn how to take care of him/herself in spite of living with the problem. People suffering from physical impairment acquire skills that are necessary for survival and also improve on the quality of their life. Care is therefore core in nursing. The more people are able to care for themselves the more they become capable of avoiding harm hence living a better

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

World War 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World War 1 - Essay Example In May 1915, a German submarine successfully sank a British ocean liner â€Å"Lusitania† and killed approximately 128 U.S citizens out of the total 1,200 individuals who were in the ocean liner. Even after this event, the United States still remained neutral but they kept on assisting the Allies materially. On the other hand, the Americans viewed the Germans as aggressors. This is because they used U-boats and submarines to attack the ships which were carrying relief aid to the Allies. Their main aim was to starve the British and force them to surrender. The Americans also felt connected to the citizens of Great Britain because of their cultural similarities. After the sinking of Lusitania, the Americans faced a national security threat, hence; most of the citizens urged the government to join forces with the Allied Powers to fight against the Germans. The main cause of the war was because the British intercepted a telegram from the Germans. This telegram was being sent to the Mexican Government. The telegram was named after its sender Arthur Zimmerman. The Zimmerman telegram noted that Mexico was to declare war on America in order to conquer states such as New Mexico, Arizona and Texas in case there was a war between Germany and USA. Research also asserts that the involvement of the United States in World War I was attributed by propaganda from both sides. The US president did not want to get involved with the war but, when Teddy Roosevelt made a decision for running for presidency, Wilson felt threatened, and he announced that there was a high possibility of the country going to war. The main aim of President Wilson was to enhance safety in the world and promote democracy in the United States. Thus, the United States of America declared war against German on 6th April, 1917. Question b: Why did the Allies win World War I? World War I comprised of two powerful forces. The Allies comprised of Poland, the United Kingdom, China, France, United States and t he Soviet Union among other countries. Research asserts that the Allies won World War I because they were more powerful and prepared as compared to the Central Powers. It is quite clear that World War I was an attrition war and Germany lacked most of the resources at the end. The British had blocked all the supplies. The Allies had also waited to for the United Stated to join the war. The United States facilitated the win after they deployed new technological weapons which were used in the warfare against the Central Powers. On the other hand, the Allies had enough resources from the United States. This that the USA played a significant role in World War I. Germany was equipped with a massive army, therefore; they were destined to lose due to scarcity of resources. After 1914, the German army gave up the plan to the Allies who were located on the Western front. In this period, the Allies made several mistakes, which led to numerous deaths. In 1918, they united together and deployed new tactics, which involved the use of tanks and airplanes in the war. The use of this machinery significantly overpowered the Germans who were underdeveloped in terms of technology. The ultimate defeat of the Germans was enhanced by the blockage of German ports by the British. This led to the German Revolution and the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm. The Germans had also lost the war after the failure of the Schlieffen Plan. Various scholars claim that the Allies were able to win the war because the Germans did not have adequate food and resources to sustain them in the warfare. Question c: What were the goals and terms of Wilson’s 14 Points and Versailles Treaty? On 8th January, 1918, President Wilson

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Cryptography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cryptography - Essay Example My organisation is not an exception to this rule and conversations with the IT department head affirmed the use of cryptographic technologies, even as it established that they were hardly a foolproof defence against unauthorised access. Cryptography is used for the protection of all data stored on the organisation's networks and servers. As explained by Juels (2003) cryptography involves the encryption of data or their rendition into secret, indecipherable code, for the explicit prevention of their interpretation and use if they are accessed without the proper authorization. Not only is it integral for the protection of company-related data but, within the context of e-business and e-commerce, imperative for the concealment of information relating to customer payment transactions and credit card details. The purpose of encryption, as defined in the preceding paragraph, is the protection of data as it is transmitted across networks. As Oliva et al. (2004) explain, when data is being transmitted across networks, it runs the risk of being intercepted or captured by a third party. If it is encrypted, however, not only is the risk of interception substantially reduced but, more importantly, if intercepted, the deciphering of the data in question is extremely difficult. In other words, if data transmitted over networks is intercepted, the fact that it is encrypted protects it both against tampering and modification, and its subsequent exploitation by the interceptor. Accordingly, and as Matsuura (2006) confirms, the imperatives of exploiting data encryption techniques are inarguable and that any organisation which fails to do so is, to all intents and purposes, acting both irresponsibly and carelessly. The IT department director confirmed the use of data encryption technologies. As he noted, whether as regards data stored on the organisation's networks or those transmitted across networks, all are encrypted. The decryption of data was initially enabled through passwords but, a number of incidents proved this an unreliable decryption method. As the IT director noted, while many security systems are designed in such a way that the entire security of the website depends upon secret passwords, the fact is that the password system is riddled with shortcomings. The first deficiency the password system has is that it requires precise recollection of secret information. If the user makes the smallest of errors when entering that secret information, authentication fails. Unfortunately, however, precise recall is not a strong human characteristic and this fact immediately conflicts with the requirements of password-secured systems. As a means of bypassing this limitation, people tend to pick and use very simple passwords which can easily be broken by password cracker programmes. Even when people bear in mind the dangers that such programs pose to the security of their passwords, they make the popular mistake of writing their passwords down and hiding them in an easily locatable place by their computer. Those sites which force users to periodically change their passwords for added security have not succeeded in resolving these problems but, rather, increased the need of people to write down their passwords. Additionally, as the number of

Friday, November 15, 2019

Accountability Representation Control Three Pillars of Organizational effiency

Accountability Representation Control Three Pillars of Organizational effiency Accountability, representation and control are often perceived as the three different entities; however, they are three interconnected topics which form the base of the organization. They function on the various aspects of the accounting which is a diversified field and can be studied under these three heads in more detail. I have tried to illuminate the major aspect of all these three topics with respect to accounting and then how these issues are applied in the recent economic debacle. To begin with first I would like to bring the notion of accountability and then representation and then control and lastly, the recent financial failures. Accountability: An Introduction Accountability breeds responsibility. This famous quote by Steven R. Covey gives the meaning of accountability in rather general terms. The concept of accountability can be defined as the process through which a person is held answerable for his actions and deeds.. Under the umbrella of the organization the notion of accountability can be stated as the phenomenon through which whether a person at the higher level of hierarchy or at the lower level is accountable for his works and services that he renders to the organization. Accountability from the organizational perspective bears great importance as it is the measure through which the performance of the organization and a person serving can be judged and analysed. Accountability has different forms which can be studied and understood by the findings of John Roberts (1991). He tries to explore different contemporary forms of the accountability and the possibilities in which accounting can be perceived. First, the individualising form of accountability can be studied in which the accountability contributes in making the realization of the image an individual perceives about it. (John Roberts,Page No. 358,1991). This perspective helps a person to polish his senses and action thereby improving his image that is noticed by others. Second view of accountability that Roberts illustrates is the socialising form in which a person can improve its performance and efficiency by interacting with some of the experienced people in the organization. Accountability institutionalizes the use of accounting through which it operates in the organizations and firms. How Accountability Works? Accountability within the organizations mainly works through three different levels of accounting. They are auditing, management accounting and financial reporting (Lightfoot, 2009 Accountability,2009 Available on https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_2_1url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_3872_1%26url%3D)). Financial reporting and management accounting aspect of accounting has been dealt in detail in representation and control part respectively. The third and more applicative form in which accountability holds in the organizations is the auditing in which companies accounts are checked and verified by some agency or authority assigned for it is covered in detail here. When it comes to organizational perspective the application of accountability expands. From the past there has been a practice in business and organizations to maintain the accounts of each and every transaction that takes place in the organization. In mode rn era this system has become more advanced and transparent. The organizations can be judged or held responsible economically on the grounds of the accounts or financial statements that they produce. This involves the concept of auditing of company accounts. Audit serves as a vital economic process and play an important role in serving the public interest by strengthening the accountability and reinforcing the trust and confidence in financial reporting ((Available on http://www.icaew.com/index.cfm/route/139474/icaew_ga/Technical_and_Business_Topics/Thought_leadership/Audit_Quality_Forum/Agency_theory_and_the_role_of_audit/pdf, 2005) ,2005). Auditing of accounts are generally performed by the people employed by the owner of the company, these persons are called auditors, agents or stewards. They generally work in the interest of the company with focus on the economic performance of the institution. This phenomenon is called as agency theory which suggests that because of the informa tion asymmetries people employ agents or stewards who works for the benefit of the company. Auditing gives a clear idea of accounts and also imparts the correct information to the shareholders. In UK, the auditing system was enforced after the application of Company Law Act 1985 where each and every registered company were supposed to produce an annual audit. (Available on http://www.icaew.com/index.cfm/route/139474/icaew_ga/Technical_and_Business_Topics/Thought_leadership/Audit_Quality_Forum/Agency_theory_and_the_role_of_audit/pdf,2005) . Interplay between Accounting and Accountability Accounting can be defined as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating the financial information about the entity to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of information. ( American Accounting Association as quoted in Atrill and McLane , Page No.5, 2002). Initially there were cruder forms of accounting first one was double entry system which was a binary system method used for recording the events in which all the debits and credits were represented in the tabular form and the second was bookkeeping which was the maintenance or the summary of all the financial transactions taken place.(Arizona, 2001). Accountability often comes to play where there is some accounting failures or discrepancies and the company or the person producing the account is held responsible. Historical perspective of Accounting The topic of emergence of accounting and some other new fields in accounting which has helped in making the inefficiencies of the individual visible and thus holding them responsible using the techniques of accounting viz standard costing and budgeting. Moreover, the authors have underpinned the notion of improving the individual performance by using these forms of accounting that emerged over the years. The studies of the accounting past reveal that the concept of accounting has changed over the years as per the nature and the requirement of the changing business scenario (Miller and OLeary 1987). One advantage of studying the concept of accounting from historical perspective is that a person can analyse where the accounting concept went in discord with respect to the demanding environment and these views can be elucidated and worked out at present. Representation an Overview Representation from the purview of accounting can be further studied as financial accounting is an important branch of accounting which deals with the accounting outside the organization as company . This comes under the financial aspect of accounting. Financial statements or reports can be defined as the [tool] which provide a picture of the financial position and performance of the business. (Atrill and Mclaney,2008:Pg No. 38)There are various objectives of producing financial statements such as informing the investors or creditors about the current positioning of the company, to keep a record of all the economic transactions taking place within the company, to help managers in taking decisions etc.( Lightfoot,Chapter No.7 Representing accounting 2009). There are three forms of financial statements produced viz. cash flow which is the net movement of the cash taking place over a period of time often referred to as the difference of cash in and cash out (Atrill and Mclaney,2008; Ge offrey Lightfoot Chapter 2 Representation of accounts and representation of theories of accounting. ,2009), the income statement which is also called as profit and loss statement and is the statement of sales and related costs(Atrill and Mclaney,2008; Geoffrey Lightfoot,2009) and finally the balance sheet which is the amount of assets and amount owed externally( Geoffrey Lightfoot, Chapter 2 Representation of Accounts and representation of theories of accounting : PageNo 5). All three aspects form the basis of the financial reporting of the organization. These are the methods which every company follows while producing their financial statements. Uses of Accounting: Creative accounting Companies often use these in a fraudulent way to produce accounts. These kinds of accounts are called as creative accounts and the practice is called creative accounting (Atrill and Mclaney,2008). It can be defined in a more specific way as the alteration in the accounting rules that raises concerns over the quality of published financial statements that is in line with what company wants others to see rather than what is fair and true regarding the financial position and performance. (Atrill and Mclaney,2008).There are mainly four methods of creative accounting which an organization can adopt. First, is the overstating revenues in which companies tend to exaggerate the revenues (total amount of money that a company receives by selling off goods or providing services). This is a core issue reported in many of the recent financial failures. Second is the massaging expense in which the directors handle the future costs of assets (anything that can furnish the money in the present or f uture; it can be tangible or intangible) skilfully which can in return make it possible to derive a consistent profit figures in the future. Third is the hiding or concealing of any losses or liabilities(help to make financial statements look in a great position. There has been a number of instances in the past of organization that this form of creative accounting has been adopted by the companies such as Enron Corporation failure was mainly because of this where they tried to hide their falling assets values ( Atrill and Mclaney,2008: Pg No.183). The notion was to represent the company accounts statements in a falsified way so that it may look healthier. Lastly, it can be overstating assets which are projecting the high values of asset than the fair market value which is again a spurious method of accounting. These practices are very much reported in the companies in recent past. But the major roll back in the history of accounting came after the Enron failure broke out in the year 2001 which caused the investors to lose money, a law was passed in the US in the year 2002 called the Sarbanes and Oxley Act (SOX) whose main objective is safeguarding the interest of the investors by completely revolutionising the financial reporting system (Ritto,2008). This law helps in keeping a check on the recording derivatives (that derive their value from the underlying assets) transactions. (Cunningham,2006:40) Key feature used by Enron Company to forge its accounts. Furthermore, many of these topics have been argued by a number of authors who have studied these topics in detail and have drawn various inferences ( Chwastiak and Young 2005;McSweeney1997). McSweeney has tried to focus on the authenticity of the financial reports that a company produces and termed it as representational faithfulness (McSweeney1997). These authors suggest that there are various conditions in which these financial reports cannot be trusted. McSweeney(1997) analysed two texts derived from US Fin ancial Accounts Standards Boards statement of financial accounting concept No.2:qualitative characteristic of accounting information(1980),and Tom Lees Cash Flow accounting(1984).( McSweeney1997: Pg No 694). In both of these texts McSweeney tried to reiterate that the representational faithfulness can be achieved only if the financial reports that are published should match with the economic transaction, events and circumstances that it purports (McSweeney1997: Pg No 695). Moreover, he argues that the representational faithfulness depends upon how well informed the reader is, if the reader has all the information then he can judge the authenticity and faithfulness of the representation himself. In addition to that he also gives the notion that the representation may be imprecise or in other words the accounting representations cannot always be accurate, it may vary but the question here is how much this variance must be considered. McSweeney affirms that impression can be a conseque nce of choice or to be unavoidable(McSweeney1997:page no 697).However, later on in the article when he studies the second text of Tom Lee in which Lee suggests that the Cash flow accounting can be a solution which offers accurate financial reporting without ambiguities. However, there are some authors who remain cynical in approach when it comes to discussing the annual reports that the companies produce (Chwastiak and Young,2005). They suggest that companies often do not care when it comes to projecting the profit maximisation in the annual reports. The financial reports are regarded as the dominant discourses which are always concerned to depict the profit maximisation without considering any other aspects like the earth hazards, human and animal hazards etc. He name these practices silencing of injustices (Chwastiak and Young,2005;Page No.534). Control Control can be defined as the method by which something is monitored or dominated. From organizational perspective the concept of control involves management accounting which is the branch of the accounting that deals with the nuances of management in the companies. It involves the notion of corporate governance which includes all the processes used to gain control over a firm.Control involves mainly two key features viz. future planning and decision making. Control can be accessed by the managers who have the related expertise in the relevant field however, Armstrong investigates that there has been a change in the recent management system which contradicts with the findings of the F J Taylor of scientific management which opines that the managers often have related experience in their relevant field and also Henri Foyal who also strengthens this view (Armstrong,2001). However, he further suggests the techniques in management system that completely revives the management system cove red in detail in latter part of the essay. Means and Measures of Control There are mainly two ways through which organizational control can be achieved. First is the budgeting and the other one is cost accounting. Budget Control Often control in the companies is achieved through proper future planning. This involves the budgeting where the future planning regarding the budgets of the companies are predicted and calculated and then the variances from the calculated performance and actual performance is calculated (Atrill and McLaney, 2008). As budgets are a sort of representation we can see the amalgamation of both the fields that is representation and control in one field. The main aims of budgeting are the monitoring variance, synchronization of activities in the organization, planning resource allocation (Geoffrey Lightfoot, Chapter4 Management Control and Control of Management 2009). Additionally, it also helps in the judgment of managers performance where it serves both as the measure of accountability and control as well (Geoffrey Lighfoot,Chapter 5 Management Control and Labour Processes 2009) Managers are also involved in the process of risk management where they can be held accountable in predicting the difference between the prepared budget and the variances. This is an important factor of failure of financial institutions. Budgetary control pattern can be further studies under two control systems: Feedback control system:- In this system first the budget is prepared and then the comparison between the actual performance and the prepared budgetary performance are juxtaposed and then the third step is the response to the variances and exercising control. It is a very useful measure by which the senior level management exercise the control and accountability over the junior level of managers in their budget preparation therefore, pressing towards the objectives of the business(Atrill and McLaney,2008;Glautier and Underdeum, 2001). Feedforward control system:- In this system anticipations are made as to where the prepared budget can go wrong. In this type of forecasting practice it is possible to know the short comings of the prepared budget and then actions would be taken on those areas and improved budget can be prepared (Atrill and McLaney,2008;Glautier and Underdeum ,2001). Activating based costing method (ABCM) This is another method which serves as a measure of planning and control. This involves the allotment of the costs and the services. This was formulated as a measure to revamp the obsolete process of the cost management system that involves the inefficiency of specifically predicting the production and services costs or convey the useful information for decisions. This is again an area where the concept of control and accountability is related as the managers performance can be measured based on the decision making of inaccurate data. ( Glautier and Underdeum, 2001).This is the technique that Armstrong consider in his paper as a modelling process which was developed to curb the inaccuracy of the previous accounting systems which comprises of single allocation base to the overheads costs.(Armstrong,2001). Senses of Control Senses of control imply various factors which can affect the organization working and its performance. It can be distributed into two fields viz. internal control or management control which are the process formulated to convey the reasonable assurance as regards to the attainment of the objectives of the organizations and external control (Cunningham,2006). These can be further classified in to two categories. They are as follows: Bureaucratic Control:- It refers to the usage reward, policies and rules that augments the performance of the employees in the organization. ( Available on http://www.strategic-control.24xls.com/en112 accessed on 09.12.2009) Clan Control:- It implies the use of the informal measures to enhance the efficiency of the employees working in the organization. ( Available on http://www.strategic-control.24xls.com/en112 accessed on 09.12.2009) The second type of control mechanism is external control in which the functioning of the organization is affected by some external factors. This involves market control process which employs the usage of price competition to judge the outputs. For market control system to operate there must be a reasonable degree of competition in goods or services it should be possible to clearly mention the requirements. (Barnat, 2005). Financial Institution failure All the three issues that we have discussed are the major factors which comes into play in the recent collapse of financial institution. Financial crunch or the recession of 2008 was mainly due to the failure of financial institutions. A financial institution can be defined as an institution which provides financial services to its clients. The recent failure of market was mainly caused due to the fall of Lehmans brother which was global financial player and dealt in a range of financial services like investment banking, fixed income sales, research and trading. It was in the month of September 2008 that it filed for bankruptcy with $639 billion assets and $619 billion in debt, its bankruptcy surpassed all the other reported bankruptcy like that of Enron and World.com.( http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse.asp?viewed=1,2009). The reason of the failure of Lehman brothers was that during the economy boom time in US in the year 2005, it owned a stak e in the ownership of five mortgagers (acquired) including some of those who had tarnished image of credit history such as BNC mortgage, and Aurora Loan services, which were major subprime lenders at the same time Lehman also reported a record high of revenue earnings in the previous years enabled it to mount the profit rate 56% from 2004 to 2006. After the credit crisis broke out in 2007, it continued to its policy of lend more money in acquisition (Mortgage back securities) in order to boost up more profits. But due to credit crunch Lehman brother had to suffer losses(http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse.asp?viewed=1,2009). It was here that the higher managerial authorities must have been held accountable. The argument of Chwastiak and Young seems relevant here that the financial entities are only concerned with the profit maximization. Secondly, the second factor of failure of Lehman brothers its high leverages value (usage of debt to fortify the investment in order to maximise the profit (loss)) (http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse.asp?viewed=1,2009)). Here the problem with the recording derivatives can be seen in which the Lehman failed. The third factor was the risk management failure in which the senior management failed in assessing the risk of the future and therefore, failed from the internal control perspective. Besides this there are other examples also like the failure of Merrill Lynch, Arthur Andersen etc. that failed to comply with the three issues viz accountability, representation and control. These three topics are very vital in respect to the organizations as it forms the three pillars on which the functioning of an organization is based. However, often these issues are overlooked and the companies suffer losses and eventually market collapses thereby undermining the public interest. However, after the recent failures and crisis the governments have taken up controls over economy in the recession hit countries and are trying to revive the global market scenarios. Nonetheless, it cannot be achieved until these issues are strictly considered with compliance.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Symbols and Symbolism Essay - Imagery and Symbolism in The Yellow Wallpaper :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

Imagery and Symbolism in The Yellow Wallpaper On my first reading of Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper", I found the short story extremely well done and the author, successful at getting her idea across.   Gilman's use of imagery and symbolism only adds to the reality of the nameless main character's sheltered life and slow progression into insanity or some might say, out of insanity.   The short story is written in first person and it is from our nameless character's writing's that we are introduced to her world and her life.   It is through this that we see our main characters transition into a world that only she has access to.   She changes dramatically from our first meeting while everyone else stays very flat and unaffected.   This method is very effective in that this story from someone else's perspective would not be as real and understanding.   The outside world would have written about a crazy woman who slowly goes mad for no reason.   Only through her eyes can we see the true reason for her, not madness, epiphany. The story begins when she and her husband have just moved into a colonial mansion to relieve her chronic nervousness.   An ailment her husband has conveniently diagnosed.   The husband is a physician and in the beginning of her writing she has nothing but good things to say about him, which is very obedient of her.   She speaks of her husband as if he is a father figure and nothing like an equal, which is so important in a relationship.   She writes, "He is very careful and loving, and hardly lets me stir without special direction."   It is in this manner that she first delicately speaks of his total control over her without meaning to and how she has no choices whatsoever.   This control is perhaps so imbedded in our main character that it is even seen in her secret writing; "John says the very worst thing I can do is to think about my condition...so I will let it alone and talk about the house."   Her husband suggests enormous amounts of bed rest and no hu man interaction at all.   He chooses a "prison-like" room for them to reside in that he anticipates will calm our main character even more into a comma like life but instead awakens her and slowly but surely opens her eyes to a woman tearing the walls down to freedom.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Crucible Study Question Essay

1. What happens when people criticize the court proceedings? a. People are unfairly accused when they criticize the court proceedings. For instance, when Proctor comes to the court with Mary Warren to criticize the court for his wife unfairly with a petition, Parris exclaims that† ‘they’ve come to overthrow the court’ † (88). Proctor is merely attempting to show his evidence to protect his wife from being hung . Parris is unfairly accusing them for what they weren’t doing. 2. What role does Parris play in this scene? a. Parris portrays a flippant tone against the people at court during his role. Mainly, Parris plays as an informant for the judge but informs them in a biased way, which can be seen when he tells the judge to † ‘Beware [John Proctor], You Excellency, this man is mischief† (88). His remark brings unfair bias against Proctor due to diction. Diction such as mischief makes Proctor seem like a person who would undermine the court to free his wife. 3. Why does Proctor refuse to give up his story about the girls lying even though Judge Danforth would allow Elizabeth to go free for a year? a. Proctor carries an ambivalent tone. Incidentally, even though he first said he only was there to † ‘free [his] wife’ â€Å", he refuses to drop the charges against Abigail since his friend’s † ‘wives are also accused’ â€Å"(90 & 92). Ambivalence is portrayed with diction since he was first there to free his wife but then decides to not drop charges so that he can attempt to free his friend’s wives. This shows that he undecided from saving his wife. 4. Why does Mary Warren change her testimony about Proctor and about pretending? a. Mary Warren changes her testimony from supporting Proctor to going against Proctor. For instance, as Abigail and the girls are â€Å"pretending† that Mary Warren’s spirit is attacking them, she starts out by saying that â€Å"they’re sporting†, but soon she accuses Proctor, saying that he came to † ‘overthrow the court’ â€Å"(118 & 119). It seems that she knew that  Abigail and the girls would not stop acting until she went against Proctor. Also, she changes her testimony so that she could get out and join the â€Å"stronger† side. 5. How does Elizabeth attempt to save her husband’s reputation? What was the result? a. Elizabeth attempts to protect her husband but made it worse. For instance, Proctor takes a risk, saying that he had an affair with Abigail, but when Elizabeth is called out for supporting evidence, she denies that † ‘her husband [is] a lecher’ â€Å"(113). She was only attempting to protect her husband for being accused as a lecher but he needed her to say that he was a lecher. This resulted in Proctor losing any upper hand he had in court and losing reliability. 6. Why does Reverend Hale change his story about witchcraft? a. Reverend Hale changes his story after witnessing Abigail lie in court. For example, when Hale witnesses Mary Warren changing her story so that Proctor is in trouble, he exclaims that † ‘[Abigail] has gone wild’ † and eventually he † ‘[denounces] these proceedings’ â€Å"(119). His words carry a disgusted tone directed towards Abigail. His views has changed after that trial.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Types of Conflict 101 Definition and Must-Know Tips (With Examples!)

Types of Conflict 101 Definition and Musts!) What are the Six Types of Conflict in Literature? (with Examples) Ah, conflict. Can’t live with it. Can’t live without it. Kurt Vonnegut once said that every story is about a character who gets into trouble and then tries to get out of it. That’s because who and what we entangle with isn’t just the stuffing for embarrassing Thanksgiving-dinner stories: it’s the types of conflict that drives every narrative forward.It goes without saying that your conflict will affect not only your plot, but also almost every other important element of your story: your characters, theme, tone, and setting. In that sense, figuring out your central conflict is one of the most important things you’ll do as a writer.In this post, we'll study the different types of external conflict and internal conflict - and figure out what they're going to mean for your own story.What is conflict in literature?Simply put, the conflict of a book is a struggle between two opposing forces. It starts when something stands in the way of a characte r and their goals. In other words:CHARACTER + WANT + OBSTACLE = CONFLICTThis might sound overly simple, but almost all of the great stories in the world are born from this formula: a protagonist desperately wants something, but can't get it. Simply take a look at these famous external and internal conflict examples for proof:Pip yearns to be a gentleman but the British upper class frowns on social mobility in Great Expectations.  Michael Corleone wants to stay out of the family business in  The Godfather  but cannot resist the gravity of filial obligation.Fitzwilliam Darcy discovers that he's in love with Elizabeth Bennett in Pride and Prejudice, but for one tiny obstacle: Miss Bennett despises the sight of him. It's uncertain who would emerge victorious in a New York City versus Zeus matchup.Further external conflict examples: Humanity vs. ghosts in Ghostbusters, Humanity vs. aliens in War of the Worlds.With those external factors out of the way, let's look a final type of conflict.Type 6. Character versus selfIt was writer Maxwell Anderson who said: â€Å"The story must be a conflict, and specifically, a conflict between the forces of good and evil within a single person.† Though that might be an oversimplification, it is true that every interesting story will involve a character’s inner conflict at some point. That’s because, as James N. Frey points out in How To Write A Damn Good Novel, a reader experiences the most empathy for a character when that character is in the middle of some intense inner conflict.Internal conflict  will stem from a debate that occurs within a character. It might originate from any combination of the character’s expectations, desire , duties, and fears. In Hunger Games, for instance, Katniss Everdeen must reconcile her reluctance to kill another human being with the need to survive in the battle arena. Gripping inner tension is often morally complex or universal, and that’s what will ultimately resonate with your readers.Further internal conflict examples: Pretty much every book! For more specific examples, though, see: Mrs Dalloway vs. self in Mrs Dalloway, Hamlet vs. self in Hamlet, Humbert Humbert vs. self in Lolita, Holden vs. self in The Catcher In The Rye, Pip vs. self in Great Expectations.The difference between internal conflict versus external conflictWhen it’s done right, the interplay between internal conflict and external conflict raises the quality of the story altogether. A character’s internal conflict adds complexity to the external conflict while the external conflict drives inner change. Otherwise, your character will simply be one-dimensional.Perhaps the best way to think about this is to look in the nearest mirror. What kind of internal conflict do you go through yourself? Doesn't it influence the struggles that you face externally?To use an example from literature we all probably know, let's briefly visit Clarice Starling in The Silence of the Lambs. There's her internal conflict: she wants advancement in the FBI - but most desperately of all, she wants to silence the screaming of the lambs in her dreams. This internal conflict is then teased out and used to fuel the external conflicts between Clarice and Hannibal, and Clarice and Chilton. Both are intrinsically tied to the other in Clarice's character arc, and should be written as such.How can I practice writing these types of conflict?If you’re struggling to come up with a good central conflict, try going back to the basics and thinking about it through the below two methods.The Character-Based PracticeIt never hurts to remember one of fiction’s #1 guidelines: it always comes down to character in the end. So one thing you can do to brainstorm is to return to your cast of characters. Start by re-evaluating the things that make them tick. Ask yourself:What are their fears and core values? (This is vital if you want to create a strong internal conflict.)What are their (conscious or unconscious) desires?Which one of those desires would get the character upending everything to achieve? Could that form a central conflict that’d provide the basis for a satisfying story?To brainstorm internal conflict, John Vorhaus suggests putting â€Å"but† into an equation with opposing forces, such as: I love my younger sister, but I’m a danger to her because of my ice powers, or I want Daisy Buchanan, but I’m a poor boy from the Midwest. Try it for your characters!Here's a free character profile template to get you started. And if you need specific character development exercises for inspiration? Check out this post.The Theme-Based PracticeGenerally, the central conflict teases out - or makes clear - the theme of the book. In Romeo and Juliet, for instance, the conflict between the two noble families of the Montagues and the Capulets is the perfect backdrop for the Love versus Hate theme that pervades the play.If you’ve already got a sense of what you want your theme to be, think about ways that the central struggle could best complement it. Will it raise the questions that you want readers to consider? Will the resolution of the external and internal conflict convey the message that you want  to  deliver? If you remember that conflict is just one part of the whole, you’ll experience a much easier time creating the package deal.Which of the six types of conflict are you writing? How do you approach writing conflict? Share your thoughts in the comments below.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Sustainable Supply Chains

Sustainable Supply Chains Introduction to Sustainable Supply Chains A supply chain is a system in organizations, technology, information, people, resources, and activities that involves moving a product or service from the supplier to the customer.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sustainable Supply Chains specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sustainable supply chains are supply chains with the ability of helping organizations to grow, protect, and create long term social, economic and environmental value for shareholders involved in bringing products and services to the market. Supply chain sustainability is the management of social, economic, and environmental impacts and the encouragement of practices of good governance through the lifecycle of services and goods. Sustainable supply chain management is the transparent and strategic achievement and integration of economic, environmental, and social goals in an organization in a systematic coord ination of key business inters of successful sustainable supply chains are those that practices of collaboration. An example of collaboration is investment in alternative modes of transportation to reduce environmental impacts and cost of deliveries.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the modes of transportation include airports, ships and canals. A successful sustainable supply chain is also in major components of management of supplier relationships. It is applied to create efficient way of cutting costs in the retail business (Krause, Vachon Klassen, 2009). For example, Wal-Mart has a Supplier Energy Efficiency Project that are aimed at emission elimination the company’s supply chain.The project’s suppliers reduced 3300 metric tons of GHG emissions saving approximately $200,000 costs of energy in 2009. The suppliers of Wal-Mart were requeste d its suppliers to show efficiency in management of environmental footprint as a measure of reducing cost and realize this benefit. This could save energy, time, and cost for the company. IBM has a sustainable supply chain in which it conducts studies annually to address the issues in its supply chain. The company prepares strategies to overcome global challenges that arise from globalization to create business value (Pagell Wu, 2009). Difference Between Traditional Supply Chains and Sustainable Supply Chains Have Created Competitive Advantage For OrganizationsAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Sustainable Supply Chains specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When accurately designed, traditional or conventional supply chains present clientele the advantages of quality enhancement, reduced overheads, and rapid delivery. Sustainable supply chain offer reduced costs and create value in the supply chain. Supply chain managers face challenges of changes in requirements of expertise in today’s business long-term trends. Business trends in recent years involve increasing intensity of competition and demand in environmental protection, resource scarcity, and security arising from the ongoing globalization. Businesses have to adopt better business systems that have the potential of satisfying stakeholders and customers. This makes the traditional supply chain insufficient in the modern business world. Under the objectives of a variety performance, a new prototype of a more complicated supply chain is emerging that caters for the needs of sustainable and developing competitiveness. The main differences between the traditional and sustainable supply chain is that the traditional supply chain is a drive of prices and decouple strategically but the sustainable supply chain is a drive of value and couple strategically. This means that management and design of supply chains should deliver specific outcomes, such as security, sustainability, innovation, cost reduction, and resilience (Pagell, Wu Wasserma, 2010). Paulraj (2011) identified that sustainable supply chains create competitive advantage in businesses by managing risks, creating sustainable production, and realizing efficiencies.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Managing business risks minimizes disruptions in business from social, economic, and environmental impacts. Managing business risks also protects the brand value and reputation of the company. Companies can protect themselves from interruptions in their potential supply chains associated with labor, human rights, governmental practices, environmental practices, and suppliers’ human rights by ensuring that suppliers comply with management systems and programmes covering sustainable supply chain management principles. Managing risks ensures that a company has access to resources. A company with a sustainable supply chain has the potential of reducing future liability and additional costs. Therefore, companies with sustainable supply chains understand the different strategies to undertake to ensure productivity and efficiency. Realizing efficiencies occurs when sustainable supply chains reduce costs of energy, transportation, and material inputs. Realizing efficiencies also incr ease labor production and create efficiencies across the entire supply chain. Creating sustainable products involve meeting the requirements of business and customer partners and innovating to satisfy the changing market. A company can reduce costs of supply through creating strong health, safety, and labor practices, increasing the understanding of key processes in the supply chain, and designing systems and processes that reduce required inputs. Companies create competitive advantage through developing new products and improving existing products through collaborating with suppliers on sustainable issues that foster product innovation. Sustainable supply chain creates competitive advantage by providing understanding of the business value and incorporated ideas in the market by competitors. This is addresses as benchmarking against the competitors. Sustainable supply chain enables an understanding of customer, suppliers, and shareholder expectations creating maximum return on the i nvestments of the company. A sustainable supply chain creates a vision for the company providing direction of the company’s strategies and defining the company’s commitment to achieve competitive advantage. The company can evaluate and identify areas that need improvement to create competitive advantage (Reuter, Foerstl, Hartmann Blome, 2010). Challenges in Building Sustainable Supply Chains Supply chain managers face challenges because of the increase in the requirements of management expertise in the long-term trends of companies today. These trends include the increasing intensity of competition, ongoing globalization, environmental protection, resource scarcity, and the growing security demand in businesses. Businesses are also requiring cost efficient, flexible, and reliable business systems that have the capability of supporting customer differentiation. Modern supply chain managers have to confront complex and dynamic supply chains becoming difficult to predict developments and trends in the long term (Paulraj, 2011). Supply chain management has to come up with additional plans that extend beyond the operational scope of the current activities. Supply chain managers need to understand and identify the new sustainability issues in their businesses and company environment to respond to respond to the changes in the long term trends and to remain competitive. This challenges calls for international, global, and the fragmented supply chain to apply skills of networking and creating efficient supply chain operations that adapt to sustainable demands to create sustainable customer focused supply chains in the long term. This is because sustainable supply chains must be able to create sustainable competitive advantage (Pullman, Maloni Carter, 2009). Challenges of building sustainable supply chains can arise from the weak and non-built relationships of companies with suppliers. It becomes difficult for companies to form strong relationships with suppliers because some of the suppliers are untrustworthy in that they fail to deliver the quantity and quality paid by the company. The owners or managers have to inspect the suppliers, especially in cases in which the suppliers can corrupt the employees easily. Challenges can arise when the company has inadequate capital to pay the suppliers at the required time. The company can strain to pay the suppliers or the suppliers can reduce business relationships with the company. Challenges in building a sustainable supply chain can arise when the suppliers create inconsistencies in price and quality without providing notice to the purchasing enterprise. This means that this change would pass to the customers creating inefficiency in the supply chain (Reuter, Foerstl, Hartmann Blome, 2010). According to Pullman, Maloni and Carter (2009), challenges can arise when the suppliers have a poor record from the purchasing entity making it difficult for the purchasing enterprise to keep a tre nd of their suppliers in frequency of supply, quality of supply, and prices of supply. This makes it difficult for the purchasing enterprise to build a strong relationship with the supplier. Challenges in building sustainable supply chain can result from poor planning where the purchasing enterprise makes quick decisions on the supplier without taking time to understand the competence of the supplier. This makes it difficult for the supplier and the purchase enterprise to create good relationships when the problems in the supply chain begin to occur. Other challenges arise from unfair competition based on prices, high prices for poor quality of products, lack of customer records and statistics, and interpersonal challenges, such as religious differences, race, and social status. Cases of corruption can arise from the purchase enterprises to suppliers passing on the costs through price increments on the customers. Corruption destroys the sustainability in the supply chains. Challenge s can arise from changes in government levies and taxes. Government taxes and levies affect cost of operations to both the suppliers and the purchasing enterprises leading to additional costs that have to depict in changes in the quantity, quality, and prices of products and services in the market. These changes affect the satisfaction of the shareholders and customers forcing them to shift to competitors. The company profits and resources decrease leading to collapse of some of the supply chains (Pagell Wu, 2009). Management Implications to the Importance and Challenges in Building Sustainable Supply Chains Various enterprises strive to build positive public relations to improve image and reputation essential for attracting and maintaining potential and competent suppliers and customers. A company can improve the nature and frequency of communication to customers and suppliers to maintain or improve sustainable supply chains. Some enterprises offer promotional items and credit to customers in efforts to build strong relationships for sustainable supply chains. Business enterprises reduce prices below that of competitors and improve quality of products to attract customers. This is difficult because cost of production match prices, quantity, and quality and reducing the prices means that the quality or quantity will decline. Enterprises have difficult time managing sustainable supply chains with prices, especially when the business has obligation of satisfying the stakeholders, customers and suppliers (Paulraj, 2011). According to Reuter, Foerstl, Hartmann and Blome (2010), business enterprises provide quality and unique services to loyal customers and suppliers to attract and maintain them. This action strengthens their relationships making it easy to build a sustainable supply chain. This has been possible through creation of clubs, especially in retail shops and food points (Lamp, 2011). Enterprises result to supporting sporting events, channels, and teams to nurture prestige and good reputation of businesses. Businesses offer sponsorships and donations to the society to attract the attention and interest in the members in the supply chain. Business enterprises also offer newspapers and special seats to the members of the supply chain to ensure good relationships and image. Businesses enterprises have also put extra efforts in building sustainable supply chains by paying its suppliers promptly and involving the suppliers and customers in their business and personal functions and initiatives. For example, Unilever is multinational company that earns annual revenue of more than $50 billion in approximately 400 brands. It sources from 100000 non-production suppliers and 10000 suppliers of raw materials. The company approximately purchases 3% of the world’s palm oil and 6% of the world’s black tea (Krause, Vachon, Klassen, 2009). Securing sustainable supply chains is critical for sustaining growth and the success of the bu siness in the future. The company has developed tangible benefits in business through sustainable supply chains. The company invests resources and time in building strong relationships with suppliers, customers, and stakeholders. The company achieves this by providing good wage incomes, managing environmental issues, such as climate change and waste, and ensuring good working conditions in the supply chains. Unilever’s ability to maintain sustainability in chain of supply helps in creating cost efficiency in the company operations, improve company’s reputational image, and assist in securing and stabilizing business long-term operations.. Unilever has created competitive advantage successfully through building sustainable supply chains (Pagell, Wu Wasserma, 2010). References Krause, D., Vachon, S., Klassen, R. (2009). Special topic forum on sustainable supply chain management: introduction and reflections on the role of purchasing management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 45(4), 18-25. Lamp, C. (2011). Essentials of marketing. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Pagell, M. Wu, Z. (2009). Building a more complete theory of sustainable supply chain management using case studies of 10 exemplars. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 45(2), 37-56. Pagell, M., Wu, Z., Wasserma, M. (2010). Thinking differently about purchasing portfolios: an assessment of sustainable sourcing. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 46(1), 57-73. Paulraj, A. (2011). Understanding the relationships between internal resources and capabilities, sustainable supply management and organizational sustainability. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 47(1), 19-37. Pullman, M., Maloni, M., Carter, C. (2009). Food for thought: social versus environmental sustainability practices and performance outcomes. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 45(4), 38-54. Reuter, C., Foerstl, K., Hartmann, E., Blome, C. (2010). Sustainable global supplier management: the role of dynamic capabiliti es in achieving competitive advantage. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 46(2), 45-63.